Moonlight video by Jay-Z spoofs “Friends” with all black cast

Embodying the rags-to-riches rap dream, Jay Z pulled himself up by his bootstraps as a youth to eventually become the reigning rapper of New York City and, in turn, a major-label executive following his short-lived retirement from music-making. In the wake of his 1996 debut, Reasonable Doubt, Jay Z’s albums sold millions upon millions, and his endless parade of hits made him omnipresent on urban radio and video television. He retained a strongly devoted fan base and challenged whatever rivals attempted to oust him from atop the rap game, sparring most memorably with Nas. Jay Z and his Roc-a-Fella associates greatly influenced the industry and established many of the trends that pervaded during the late ’90s and early 2000s. He consistently worked with the hottest producers of the day (DJ Premier, Teddy Riley, Timbaland, Swizz Beatz), and if they weren’t hot at the time, they likely would be afterward (the Neptunes, Kanye West, Just Blaze, 9th Wonder). He similarly collaborated with the hottest rappers, everyone from East Coast contemporaries like the Notorious B.I.G. (“Brooklyn’s Finest”) and DMX (“Cash, Money, Hoes”), to the best rappers from the South (Ludacris, Missy Elliott) and the West Coast (Snoop Dogg, Too Short). After his self-declared retirement from rapping in 2003, he assumed the presidency of the seminal rap label Def Jam and, as an industry executive, embarked on another phase in his illustrious career.

Born in 1969 and raised in the rough Marcy Projects of Brooklyn, New York, Jay Z underwent some tough times after his father left his mother before the young rapper was even a teen. Without a man in the house, he became a self-supporting youth, turning to the streets, where he made a name for himself as a fledging rapper. Known as “Jazzy” in his neighborhood, he soon shortened his nickname to Jay Z and did all he could to break into the rap game. As he vividly discusses in his lyrics, Jay Z also became a street hustler around this time, doing what needed to be done to make money. For a while, he ran around with rapper Jaz-O, aka Big Jaz. From Jaz he learned how to navigate the rap industry and what moves to make. He also participated in the group Original Flavor for a short time. Jay Z subsequently decided to make an untraditional decision and start his own label rather than sign with an established label as Jaz had done. Together with friends Damon Dash and Kareem “Biggs” Burke, he created Roc-a-Fella Records, a risky strategy for cutting out the middleman and making money for himself. Once he found a reputable distributor, Priority Records (and then later Def Jam), Jay Z finally had everything in place, including a debut album, Reasonable Doubt (1996).

Though Reasonable Doubt reached only number 23 on the Billboard 200 chart, Jay Z’s debut eventually became recognized as an undisputed classic among fans, many of whom consider it his crowning achievement. Led by the hit single “Ain’t No Nigga,” a duet featuring Foxy Brown, Reasonable Doubt slowly spread through New York; some listeners were drawn in because of big names like DJ Premier and the Notorious B.I.G., others by the gangsta motifs very much in style at the time, still others by Jay Z himself. By the end of its steady run, Reasonable Doubt generated three more charting singles — “Can’t Knock the Hustle,” “Dead Presidents,” and “Feelin’ It” — and set the stage for the follow-up, In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (1997).

Peaking at number three on the Billboard 200, In My Lifetime sold much more strongly than its predecessor. The album boasted pop-crossover producers such as Puff Daddy and Teddy Riley, and singles such as “Sunshine” and “The City Is Mine” indeed showcased a newfound embrace of pop crossover. Yet there were still plenty of hard-hitting songs, such as “Streets Is Watching” and “Rap Game/Crack Game” to lace In My Lifetime with gangsta rap as well as pop crossover. Jay Z’s next album, Vol. 2: Hard Knock Life (1998), released a year after In My Lifetime, was laden with hit singles: “Can I Get A…” and “Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)” broke the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100, while “Cash, Money, Hoes” and “Nigga What, Nigga Who” also charted. Vol. 2: Hard Knock Life ended up winning a Grammy for Best Rap Album.

Like clockwork, Jay Z returned a year later with another album, Vol. 3: Life and Times of S. Carter (1999), which topped the Billboard 200 and spawned two hits: “Big Pimpin'” and “Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up).” The album was Jay Z’s most collaborative to date, featuring ten guest vocalists and a roll call of in-demand producers such as Dr. Dre and Timbaland. Jay Z then scaled back a bit for Dynasty Roc la Familia (2000), his fifth album in as many years. The album showcased Roc-a-Fella’s in-house rappers, such as Beanie Sigel, Memphis Bleek, and Freeway. On Dynasty Roc la Familia, Jay Z also began working with a few new producers: the Neptunes, Kanye West, and Just Blaze. The Neptunes-produced “I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)” became a particularly huge hit single this go-round.

Jay Z’s next album, The Blueprint (2001), solidified his position atop the New York rap scene. Prior to its release, the rapper had caused a stir in New York following his headlining performance at Hot 97’s Summer Jam 2001, where he debuted the song “Takeover.” The song features a harsh verse ridiculing Prodigy of Mobb Deep, and Jay Z accentuated his verbal assault by showcasing gigantic photos of an adolescent Prodigy in a dance outfit. The version of “Takeover” that later appeared on The Blueprint includes a third verse, this one dissing Nas, who, in response to the Summer Jam performance, had called out Jay Z, “the fake king of New York,” in a freestyle known as “Stillmatic.” As expected, “Takeover” ignited a sparring match with Nas, who responded with “Ether.” Jay Z accordingly returned with a comeback, “Super Ugly,” where he rapped over the beats to Nas’ “Get Ur Self A…” on the first verse and Dr. Dre’s “Bad Intentions” on the second. The back-and-forth bout created massive publicity for both Jay Z and Nas. In addition to “Takeover,” The Blueprint also featured “Izzo (H.O.V.A.),” one of the year’s biggest hit songs, and the album topped many year-end best-of charts.

Jay Z capitalized on the runaway success of The Blueprint with a number of follow-up projects. He collaborated with the Roots for the Unplugged album (2001) and with R. Kelly for Best of Both Worlds (2002). He then went on to record, over the course of the year, 40 or so new tracks, 25 of which appeared on his next record, the double album The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse (2002). Though billed as a sequel, The Blueprint² was considerably different from its predecessor. Whereas the first volume had been personal, considered, and focused, the second instead offered an unapologetically sprawling double-disc extravaganza showcasing remarkable scope. As usual, it spawned a stream of singles, led by his 2Pac cover “’03 Bonnie & Clyde,” featuring his future wife Beyoncé. Furthermore, Jay Z guested on a pair of summer 2003 hits: Beyoncé’s chart-topping “Crazy in Love” and Pharrell Williams’ Top Five hit “Frontin’.”

It was then that Jay Z announced his imminent retirement after the release of one more album. That LP, The Black Album (2003), was rush-released by Def Jam and soared to the top Billboard spot at the end of the year. It spawned a couple big hits — “Dirt Off Your Shoulder” and “99 Problems” — and inspired a popular mash-up bootleg, The Grey Album, by Danger Mouse. The subsequent year (2004) was a whirlwind for the retiring Jay Z. He embarked on a farewell tour that was topped off by an extravagant Madison Square Garden performance documented on the Fade to Black DVD, and he also embarked on an arena tour with the embattled R. Kelly.

With his reputation bigger than ever, Jay Z accepted an offer to assume the role of president at Def Jam. The seminal rap label was struggling and needed someone to guide it through a rocky transitional phase. Jay Z accepted the challenge and took over the company begun by Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin roughly 20 years earlier. (As part of its deal with Jay Z, Def Jam’s parent company, Universal, bought Roc-a-Fella.) Considerable fanfare met the presidential inauguration, as Jay Z became one of the few African-American major-label executives in the business. Numerous rappers owned or operated their own boutique labels, but none had ever risen to such major-label heights. The rapper-turned-president didn’t take his job lightly, either, at least judging by his initial year at the helm. Within months of assuming his position, he fostered a string of newfound talents, including Young Jeezy and Rihanna.

In 2005, Jay Z came out of retirement for the I Declare War concert in New York City. The ambitious show featured a parade of high-profile guest stars, including Diddy and Kanye West, and in a peacemaking move, Nas. With this longstanding beef squashed, Jay Z announced he was coming out of retirement for good. He made it official when Kingdom Come (2006) hit shelves. Jay Z kept firing with American Gangster (2007), inspired by the concurrent film of the same name. After he left Def Jam and established Roc Nation — a label, music publisher, and talent agency through Live Nation — he released a third installment in the Blueprint series, The Blueprint 3 (2009). Announced with the single “D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune),” the album featured productions from Kanye West and Timbaland, plus guest features for West, Rihanna, and Alicia Keys, the latter of whom appeared on “Empire State of Mind,” one of the biggest hits of Jay Z’s career. At various points during the next two years, Jay Z and West, joined by numerous associates, worked on Watch the Throne (2011). The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, supported by the smash hits “Otis” and “Niggas in Paris.”

On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to Blue Ivy Carter. Jay Z quickly released “Glory,” featuring his daughter as B.I.C.; she became the youngest person to appear on a Billboard-charting single. High-profile television a few months later announced Jay Z’s 12th solo album, Magna Carta…Holy Grail (2012). Released that July 4, it featured production from Timbaland and partner Jerome “J. Roc” Harmon, while the lead song involved Justin Timberlake, with whom Jay Z toured that summer. During the next few years, Jay Z was involved primarily with assorted business and philanthropic ventures, as well as the production of the documentary Time: The Kalief Browder Story. He appeared on a handful of tracks headlined by other artists, including Drake’s “Pop Style” and DJ Khaled’s “I Got the Keys.” Further collaborations, such as his and Beyoncé’s appearances on Khaled’s “Shining,” along with an induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame (as the first rap artist), and the addition of newborn twins to the Carter family, all preceded the album 4:44 (2017). ~ Jason Birchmeier & Andy Kellman